Impact Overclocking

This article is a continuation of the article "Improve Performance by Overclocking". so if you do not know what overclocking, please read first the article. if in the previous article we talked about the understanding of overclocking and techniques that made ​​for overclocking, in this article I will describe Impact Overclocking.

once we know what it is overclocking, we also have to know the advantages that we can get from overclocking. where there is excess, there is also certainly no shortage. The following positive and negative effects of overclocking.

The negative impact overclock:
1. Overheating of the processor being forced to work at a higher clock,
can be reduced with the use of existing cooling systems.
2. Operating errors (pehitungan) processor as a result of excessive heat.

Overclock a positive impact:
1. Computers become faster as if working with a higher processor.
2. Cheapest way of increasing the working speed of the CPU.
3. Can make a processor that does not exist on the market.

the negative impact of overclocking, it is mentioned that overclocking can cause excessive heat. but this can we reduce / overcome. by cooling method. cooling methods we can do is divided into two. namely:

Software
Many of the outstanding software that can be used as a coolant such as software
waterfall and rain.

Hardware
by installing the heatsink and fan on the processor or using special hardware,
who was working as a coolant such as kyro 1.

I hope this article useful. and I thank you very much.

Noticed When Overclocking

This article is a continuation of the article "Improve Performance by Overclocking". so if you do not know what overclocking, please read first the article. if in the previous article we talked about the understanding of overclocking and techniques that made ​​for overclocking, in this article I will describe the factors to consider when overclocking.

Factors to consider in overclocking, including:

1. bus
In general, the bus is a physical link between the units in the computer and the
computer with the outside world. Another opinion says the bus is a collection of lines or wires
which carries signals to the computer. The bus clock is the working frequency of existing bus
on the motherboard. The bus clock itself is different on the motherboard, which is 25 MHz,
30MHz, 33 MHz, 40 MHz, 50 MHz bus clock of the motherboard is 486, while
for older Pentium motherboards use the bus clock is 60 MHz, 66 MHz, 75 MHz,
83 MHz and 100 MHz motherboard now there are even capable of supporting up to 150
MHz. For the bus clock >= 100 is used for Pentium II processor, Pentium III or yangh
equal. Pengguanaan bus clock must be =< than the memory clock to prevent
crash. Bus clock are often known as the Bus frequency.

2. CPU clock and multiplier
CPU or CPU clock speed is the working frequency of the processor. Suppose that the Pentium II 350 Clocknya 350MHz cpu, which means that every second the processor will make 350 million cycles 'round' where every single cycle processor can perform multiple operations or multiple sedrhana cycle for a complex operation. Multiplier 'multiplier' is a factor which is factor comparison between the CPU bus clock and the clock with the formula:

CPU clock = Bus clock x multiplier

Eg pentium 350 means that when using a bus clock multiplier 100 using 3.5. And bus clock multiplier settings on regular Pentium and AMD K6-3 up still use jumper or switch, while to motherboard which 'Jumperless' using a set of BIOS used on the Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium Xeon.

3. Jumper and Switch
Jumper is a tool that serves as a switch and the switch, usually a physical form protruding pins on the motherboard. As a complement jumper connector is included that allows you to connect the pins on the jumper. Generally the 2 pin connector connects. Jumper 2 pin when the pin is connected by the jumper connector functions as a switch while the 3 pin jumper to jumper serves as a switch, because the combination could be 1-2 or 2-3. On the motherboard (socket 7) there are a lot of jumper functions are used to determine the motherboard manual. Switch is a collection of jumpers who served together, switch settings will affect all the jumper settings. Examples of its use on the Bus clock settings, CPU multiplier and voltage on the DFI motherboard super 7.

I hope this article useful additional information about overclocking. in the next article I will discuss again about overclocking. thank you for reading this article.

Improve Performance by Overclocking

I hope this article does not make you confused. because it may not be many of us do not know what overclocking. hopefully with overclocking this article can add insight on personal computers. overclocking is an action to force performance of the processor set / change the processor speed is above the normal speed.

overclocking is very useful to have financial problems. why do I say so? because of the actions we can embroider overclocking a processor that has a lower specification to 2 times higher. thus we can save a bit of our money.

to do an overclocking, there are three techniques / ways that we can do. namely:

1. Increase the multiplier.
2. Increase the Bus clock.
3. Increase the Bus clock and multiplier

These three methods above can be either physical (hardware) as well as software.

How To Hardware
Make changes to the setting jumper / switch the jumpers are set on the bus
and set the clock multiplier.

The way software
Make changes to the bus clock or the multiplier to set the BIOS
through softmenu. Generally the way this kind of overclock on a new motherboard
using jumperless and the BIOS that has softmenu

for now, I think it's up to here. I will promise to continue in the next article about overclocking. thank you for reading this article.

Information on the Hard drive

Hard drive is the computer component that serves as data storage. hard drive was first created only has a capacity of 10 MB. but now the latest hard drive capacity can reach 2 TB (2 million MB).

when seen from the data cable. generally have two types of hard drives. the hard drive SATA and IDE hard drive (ATA). produced for the hard drive recently most types of SATA hard drive. whereas the type of IDE hard drives are mostly old hard drive.

several brands of hard drives:

• Maxtor
• Seagate
• Hitachi
• WD
• Quantum

Recall the Floppy Disk

Floppy disk is a portable computer storage devices that saw its heyday in the 1990s. The ability to transport files from computer to computer is a new concept for consumers and therefore proved popular. In recent years, however, the lack of floppy disks has caused it to be replaced by more advanced technology, and the floppy disk is on its way to becoming a relic.

Function

Function of a floppy disk to store relatively small amounts of computer data, not more than 1.44 MB, on the drive, a small portable. The portable nature allows users to save files from one computer to the floppy drive and then access the same files on different computers, along with the benefits of being able to update and change them if necessary. For this reason, they are very useful when it comes to school and workplace presentations, for example.

History

The first floppy disk was created by IBM in 1967 and 8 inches. With this proves too great, 5:25-inch disk is replaced, and the flexible nature of the packaging gives its name diskette. Not until the mid-'80s that the floppy disk as we know it came into being, when the 3.5-inch floppy disk was created. Although the launch of the format another floppy disk, in various sizes and with greater storage capacity, 3.5-inch floppy disk continues to control the market throughout the '90s, until it starts to fall out of favor.

Identification

Floppy disks are 3.5 inches, with a shell made of hard plastic, most often black or gray, but also come in different colors. The front disk has a label and a rectangular piece of thin metal, which is used to read and write data, appearing in the top. The back of the disk is also plastic and contain a small metal circle in the center contains two small holes, allowing it to be well understood by the floppy disk drive. Floppy disks often come with a hard plastic case to protect it from the elements.

Use

Ease of use is a major benefit of the floppy disk. Users insert the disk into the floppy drive, with the first entry with metal parts. Once installed, the computer reads the disk as "removable disk," usually drive E or F. Files can be saved directly to a floppy disk by using "Save As" and select a function or a floppy drive by dragging and dropping files onto the drive from other drives and folders. Users can both add and remove data from disk and save the update file on the floppy disk.

Meaning

Floppy drive everywhere in the 1990s, with a floppy drive appears on the computer almost never made. Because of shortage, but - have limited file space and be easily damaged, for example - the floppy disk has fallen from public assistance. It has been replaced by CDs and USB drives, USB drives that appear almost like a floppy disk with the ability to add and delete files. Floppy disks are not a standard feature on new computer anymore; often, in fact, users will have to pay extra for a computer with a floppy drive.

Strengths and Weaknesses Flashdisk

Who does not know Flash disk. in these days I'm sure everyone who works with personal computers must know what is flash disk. as temporary storage, flash disk has many advantages when compared to the floppy disk. because the size is very small and the data-bearing capacity compared to the relatively large floppy disk. let alone in November 2006, the space available for USB Flash disk from 64 megabytes to 512 gigabytes. The amount depends on media capacity flash memory technology used. make it more so in unggulkan flash disk.

However, USB Flash disk data storage also has a short life, usually the average performance data USB Flash disk 5 years. This is due to the flash memory used does not last long. Compare with a hard disk that has data up to 12 years endurance, CD / DVD quality (and well-known brand) for 15 years if stored correctly.

About the Heatsink

possible between you are unfamiliar with the heatsink. because these components are not sold separately in the market. heatsink is part of the motherboard. if you buy a motherboard, chances are there are there heatsink. for knowledge only, heatsink is a metal made ​​of aluminum or copper and is designed specifically to cool the components on the motherboard, especially the processor. heatsink cools by expanding the flow of heat around him. but the methods are not very effective to cool the temperature, because it relies heavily on the flow of air inside the casing. if the air flow is interrupted, then surely it would be too hot processor heatsink fan (HSF). The workings of the HSF-like on cooling by using a heatsink, but HSF add a fan to speed up the process of heat transfer. HSF works better than the heatsink. HSF uses heatpipe technology is a small copper pipe to transfer heat by using the concept of capillarity.

I think enough for the heatsink. sorry if I'm wrong words or less. thank you for all.

introduction to the Motherboard

After we know what it is the processor, this time we get to know the other device that is no less important. you can call him by name motherboard. or it could be short with the words "Mobo". There are often also like to call by name mainboard. all one word has the same meaning. if we look from its name, there must be some words that terpintas in your mind. such as boards, parent, principal, central, core, etc.. if strung together into a sentence, it may be as follows. The motherboard is a board that serves as the parent / center of all the components in personal computers. motherboard is where all the components embedded in the motherboard and all components are plugged shall be governed / directed on track so that all work in accordance with its function.

Now we already know what it is motherboard. and I'm sure you already know how important the role of a motherboard in a personal computer. therefore very important role motherboard, I recommend to clean the motherboard from the dirt / dust on a regular basis to support the work of the motherboard and other components. Here are some of the expenditures motherboard:

• ABIT
• ASUS
• GIGABYTE
• MSI
• ECS

Recognize Processor

Before discussing a lot about the contents of the personal computer, let's first get acquainted with the microprocessor. or also often called a familiar name processor. processor is often likened to a brain in a personal computer. I strongly agree with it because the processor is an IC that serves as the central control computer system running. processor's main task is to perform calculations and execute any commands run by users. The most important part of the processor was divided into three, namely: Aritcmatics Logical Unit (ALU) Control Unit (CU) Memory Unit (MU).

if you want to know where the location of the processor, please immediately go to your personal computer. then look at the prominent part as a fan. below where the processor resides. processor is placed in a place called the socket. socket shape varies greatly, depending on the type of processor.

benchmark of how fast the processor is the processor to process data. speed of processing such data is calculated in units of Hz. Outstanding brand in the market is the AMD processor, Apple, VIA Cyrix, IBM, IDT, and Intel.

I think enough for an introduction to the processor. I hope this brief introduction can be beneficial to us all. thank you

History of Intel Processor

1971: 4004 Microprocessor

In 1971 came the first microprocessor Intel 4004 microprocessor is used on the machine Busicom calculator. With this discovery opens the way to incorporate artificial intelligence in inanimate objects.

1972: 8008 Microprocessor

In 1972 came the 8008 microprocessor with a magnitude of 2-fold from 4004 predecessor.

1974: 8080 Microprocessor

Into the brain of a computer called the Altair, when it sold about ten thousand in one month

1978: 8086-8088 Microprocessor

An important sale in the computer division occurs in products for personal computers made by IBM that uses a processor 8088 intel managed to push up the name.

1982: 286 Microprocessor

Intel 286 or better known as 80 286 is a processor of the first to recognize and use the software that is used for the previous processor.

1985: Intel386 ™ Microprocessor

Intel 386 is a processor that has an embedded diprosessor 275,000 transistors such that when compared to 4004 has a 100-fold more than in 4004

1989: Intel486 ™ DX CPU Microprocessor

Processor is the first time facilitate a variety of applications that had to type in command-command should be just a click away, and has a complex mathematical functions to reduce the workload on the processor.

1993: Intel ® Pentium ® Processor
The new generation of processors that can handle various types of data such as voice, sound, handwriting, and photographs.

1995: Intel ® Pentium ® Pro Processor

Processor is designed for use on the server and workstation applications, designed to process data quickly, this processor has a 5.5 jt transistor is embedded.

1997: Intel ® Pentium ® II Processor

A Pentium II processor incorporates Intel MMX processor designed specifically to process video data, audio, and graphics efficiently. There are 7.5 million transistors integrated in it, so with this processor PC users can process a variety of data and use the internet better.

1998: Intel ® Pentium II Xeon ® Processor

Processor made for the needs of the application server. Intel when it wants to meet its strategy to provide a processor that is unique to a particular market.

1999: Intel ® Celeron ® Processor

Processor Intel Celeron processor is issued as a processor that is intended for users who do not really need a faster processor performance for users who want to build a computer system with a budget (prices) are not too large. Intel Celeron processor has the same shape and formfactor with an Intel Pentium types, but only to the instructions a little more, L2 cache is smaller, the speed (clock speed) is slower, and cheaper than the Intel processor Pentium types. With this release of the Intel Celeron processor back to a processor for a particular market.

1999: Intel ® Pentium ® III Processor

Pentium III processor is a processor with an added 70 new instructions that dramatically enhance the ability of high-level imaging, three-dimensional, streaming audio, and video applications as well as voice recognition.

1999: Intel ® Pentium ® III Xeon ® Processor

Intel server back on sale and issued a series of workstations with Pentium III Xeon, but the type that has 70 SIMD command. The advantages of this processor is that it can speed up the processing of information from the system bus to the processor, which also significantly boosting performance. This processor is also designed to be combined with other similar processors.

2000: Intel ® Pentium ® 4 Processor

Processor Intel Pentium IV is a product that speeds up the process is capable of penetrating speed of 3.06 GHz. First time out with a 1.5GHz processor speed formafactor pin 423, after it changed intel Intel Pentium 4 processor formfactor a pin 478 which starts from the processor Intel Pentium 4 1.3 GHz speed up the latest that is currently capable of penetrating up to 3.4 GHz speed.

2001: Intel ® Xeon ® Processor

Intel Pentium 4 Xeon processor is an Intel Pentium 4 processor designed specifically to act as a server computer. This processor has a pin number more than the Intel Pentium 4 processor with a memory and a larger L2 cache as well.

2001: Intel ® Itanium ® Processor

Is the first Itanium-based 64-bit processor intended for usage on servers and workstations as well as specific users. Designed for the structure is completely different from the previous design and technology based on Intel's Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC).

2002: Intel ® Itanium ® 2 Processor

Itanium 2 is the second generation of the Itanium family

2003: Intel ® Pentium ® M Processor

855 chipset and Intel ® PRO / WIRELESS 2100 is a component of Intel ® Centrino ™. Intel Centrino is made to meet the market needs of the existence of a computer that is easy to carry anywhere.

2004: Intel Pentium M processors 735/745/755

Equipped with the 855 chipset with 2MB L2 Cache new features 400MHz system bus and processor socket compatibility with the Pentium M series before.

2004: Intel E7520/E7320 Chipsets

7320/7520 can be used for dual processor configuration with 800MHz FSB, DDR2 400 memory, and PCI Express peripheral interfaces.

2005: Intel Pentium 4 Extreme Edition 3.73GHz

A processor aimed at the market of computer users who want something more from their computers, the processor uses the configuration of frequency 3.73GHz, 1.066GHz FSB, EM64T, 2MB L2 cache and HyperThreading.

2005: Intel Pentium D 820/830/840

Based on 64 bit processor and are called dual core because it uses 2 cores, with 1MB of L2 cache configuration for each core, 800MHz FSB, and can operate at a frequency of 2.8GHz, 3.0GHz, and 3.2GHz. On the processor type is also included support HyperThreading.

2006: Intel Core 2 Quad Q6600

Processors for desktop and type used in people who want more power than the computer that he has has 2 core configuration with 2.4GHz with 8MB of L2 cache (up to 4MB accessible per core), 1.06GHz Front-side bus, and thermal design power (TDP)

2006: Quad-core Intel Xeon X3210/X3220

Processor is used for the type of server and has 2 core with each having the configuration of 2.13 and 2.4GHz, respectively, with 8MB of L2 cache (4MB can achieve that is accessible to each core), 1.06GHz Front-side bus, and thermal design power (TDP)

Meaning of Computer

Many people say that computers are a tool / machine data processing that has many other functions. I think that's true. and there also disagreed with the statement. they say that the computer is a combination of three devices called hardware, software, and brainware.

Hardware devices that are in the form of physical equipment or machinery. the first statement says that the computer be a tool / machine. whereas the second statement is the definition of the hardware. or also often called a personal computer.

The software is a device that is not real, a program / ​​application that runs on the hardware. without software, hardware will only be a useless tool. software is needed first is the operating system. for just so you know, the names of commonly used operating system is Windows, Linux / GNU, Macintosh, etc.. so the conclusion,software is a program / ​​application that runs on hardware

Whereas, brainware are people who work / operate a personal computer. but some are saying brainware not only the person who operates a personal computer but also people who care / repair of personal computers (engineer). so basically all the people who work with the involvement of personal computers called the brainware.

From the description above we can conclude several things from the computer sense. general words in the computer is a tool / machine that is used for data processing and other functions. but it also means that the computer said the combined activities of three devices called hardware, hardware, and brainware.

Other types of Keyboard

Keyboard is a board consisting of buttons such as letters of the alphabet (A-Z) to type a sentence, there are also figures 3, 4, 5, 8, 3, 3, etc., and other special symbols on the computer . In computing, a keyboard using the arrangement of buttons or keys, to act as mechanical levers or electronic switches.

The following keyboard types.

1. QWERTY keyboard

This is the most common keyboard. This keyboard is made ​​based on the layout of the typewriter that supposedly found by Scholes, Glidden, and Soule (1878) which is then used as a standard commercial typewriter in 1905. Keyboard design is created in such a way; the dominant key is pressed located far apart.

The goal is to avoid congestion typing on a mechanical typewriter case, of course. Although widely used keyboard layout, there is still a weakness. Key load between both hands are still not aligned, still one-sided. See it, typing the letter A is often used, must be the weakest finger, the pinkie.

2. Dvorak keyboard

Keyboard was born in 1932, arranged in such a way. Thus, the right hand burdened with more work than the left. In addition, the layout is specially designed to reduce fatigue while typing. In an experiment says Dvorak keyboard layout 10 to 15 percent more efficient than QWERTY type

3. keyboard KLOCKENBERG

The keyboard is aimed at perfecting the old type of keyboard. Here occurs the separation of both the right and left of the keyboard at an angle of about 15 degrees and is designed sloping downward. This keyboard also has buttons closer. Glimpse of this unique keyboard, even funny because a lot of empty space as a separator provides.

4. Keybard MALTRON

The keyboard is formed is not flat, but slightly concave to the inside. Consideration, as set typing fingers, not fitting a straight line. Maltron manufacturer says, essentially only 8 fingers of a human finger 10 which is used when typing. Convenience of typing speed can be born from this keyboard because it used 10 fingers comfortably and not cause pain.

5. keyboard CHORD

Keyboard is unique in that it has about 4 to 5 buttons that can be used to enter a specific letter by pressing a few buttons at once. Judging from its size, very compact and suitable portable applications.

6. alphabetic keyboard

Glance at the keyboard layout is similar to the Qwerty or Dvorak. Only, such as the sequential arrangement of alphabet letters. Usually found in many toys, so they know the letters. Although the handyman type, of the test results, it slows down the speed.

7. NUMERIC keyboard

This is a keyboard where the numbers in large numbers entered accidentally. This set of people who prefer to use the numeric keypad layout buttons easily affordable.

how to fix the RAM

My teacher said that some suppliers RAM dare say will guarantee to the purchaser for a lifetime. with a record of RAM is not burnt or broken. statement is not without reason. The suppliers know that RAM is a computer device that is very resilient. As for the damage caused to the RAM, will most likely be repaired.

The following I have a little way to fix the RAM that is not functioning properly.

that need to be prepared.

1. Avometer.
2. pencil eraser.
3. cloth and thinners.
4. RAM is damaged.

steps that need to be done.

1. prepare a faulty RAM.
2. pin pads located in the RAM with a pencil eraser.
3. for additional, you can scrub with a cloth pin RAM and thinners.
4. prepare avometer
5. Please take the needle negative (-) Avometer (black wire) and then stick it on one pin / leg memory, and the needle is positive (red wire) friction on the set of the legs of the IC / chipset memory, if memory has 8 pieces of IC then grit needle (+) to the legs of 8 IC.

may be useful

How to check the power supply

Next I would like to share my experience about the power supply. we know the power supply is an important part in the PC. if the power supply can be sure your PC or computer will not live at all. I want to share the following ways to check the power supply is damaged or not in a very simple. The following is a very successful way to type ATX power supply.

must be prepared.

1. Power supply
2. clips that have been in the alignment (wire)

steps should be taken.

1. power supply and prepare the clip (wire)
2. the power supply cord hole, look for the green and black. then connect the clip
3. then provide power to the power supply with power cord.

to note.
A. if the power supply fan is not spinning. we can be sure power supply is damaged.
2. if the fan can spin, there are two possibilities. The first possibility of power supply in very good condition. or possibly both in a state of power supply drop.

characteristics of power supply drop
1. computer hangs
2. usb port not working
3. sometimes the computer restarts
4. computer starts, but in the bios hard drive is not detected.

may be useful

Wireless USB

Wireless USB or WUSB abbreviated (Calling from USB Implementers Forum: Certified Wireless USB) is an extension to the wireless USB equipped with high-bandwidth, short range, combining the speed of USB 2.0 devices with the convenience of technology wireless.
Wireless USB is based on the modulation of the WiMedia Alliance Ultra-wideband, with a theoretical bandwidth of 480Mbit / s over a distance of 3 meters and 110Mbit / s up to 10 meters.
Operates between 3.1 and 10.6 GHz frequency communication and spreads across the spectrum according to the ultra wideband modulation.
In mid-2007 were presented some devices 'Certified Wireless USB', compliant WiMedia PHY 1.1 and 1.0 MAC, operating between 3.1 and 4.8Ghz, such as the Dlink DUB-1210 (adapters) and its DUB-2240 (the wireless hub ), or the Belkin F5U302 (which includes, bundled, the adapter and the hub).
In late 2007 we are developing the Wireless USB 1.1 specifications

Typically the architecture communicates via USB cable and master / slave, ie where 'USB host' (implemented on computers) acts as the master and the 'USB slave' devices placed on acts precisely as a slave. Only the USB host can 'manage communication and data transfer link. However, there are variations such as the so-called USB On-The-Go to address, only a few cases, this issue. Or you use the USB Hub.
In 'Wireless USB architecture, a WUSB device can support the DDR (Dual-Role Device), which itself can function as a host, but with capacity' limited. So you do not need a hub to communicate with each other peripherals.
Currently, however ', also to facilitate the use of "real" USB devices in a wireless environment, were introduced two classes of products. The Device Wire Adapter (DWA) and Host Wire Adapter (HWA).
The DWA are commonly called WUSB Hub and Wireless USB hub, as conceptually similar to the 'USB Hub', which allow you to connect multiple USB devices classic, and simultaneously act as a wireless UWB transmitter, thereby to 'bridge' between the wired world and wireless.
The HWA are wireless adapters, typically with USB interface (or Express Card), to be connected to the computer, performing function 'and not by WUSB host.

kinds of PC port

USB

Universal Serial Bus (USB): A bus I / O (input / output) that can transfer data at up to 12 megabits per second.
Goodbye parallel and serial ports are sluggish, now its time Universal Serial Bus (USB). Faster, more powerful and more flexible and really berazaskan Plug and Play (no longer a Plug and Pray). Even the USB 2.0 version just released is able to provide the level of performance and speed comparable to a kind of high-speed bus IEEE 1394. Some things you need to know about USB:
Faster than the parallel or serial ports with transfer speeds of up to 12 mbps (even to the latest version, can reach speeds of 480 mbps!)
Can connect up to 127 peripherals
Widely accepted, both in terms of hardware, software (read: operating systems), or user
Requires Windows 98 up to full compatibility

Paralel

Parallel port (DB-25) is one of the sockets on the personal computer to communicate with external devices such as printers older models. Because the parallel port is often also called printer port. Companies that introduce Centronic port is, then this port is also called the Centronics port. The simplicity of this port in terms of programming and interface with the hardware to make this port is often used for simple experiments in the design of electronic equipment.

Serial

in computing, a serial port is a serial communication through physical antart advance or transfer the information in or out one bit at a time or contrast the parallel port.

PS/2

Ps 2 connector used to connect a keyboard and mouse to a PC compatible computer systems. Its name comes from the IBM Personal System / 2 series personal computer, which was introduced in 1987. A PS / 2 mouse connector generally replaced the older DE-9 RS-232 "serial mouse" connector, while the keyboard connector is replaced with a larger 5-pin DIN used in IBM PC / AT design. A PS / 2 mouse and keyboard interfaces are electrically similar and employ the same communication protocol. However, a keyboard and mouse port system may not be interchangeable from two different devices using a set of commands. Following the release USB keyboard, PS / 2 keyboard and mouse become less popular.

VGA

VGA card is a component whose job it generates a visual display of the computer. Almost all programs produce visual output, VGA card is the hardware that gives instructions to the monitor to display a visual output that we can see.

Webcam

WebCam is a simple video camera is relatively small. often used for video conferencing or as a remote monitoring camera. WebCam generally do not require tapes or data storage, data recording the results obtained directly transferred to the computer.

Another yng definition of WebCam is a peripheral form of the camera as the image makers / picture and microphone (optional) as decision voice / audio is controlled by a computer or by a computer network. Pictures taken by WebCam displayed to the screen, because it is controlled by a computer then there is an interface or port that is used to connect the WebCam with a computer or network.

Types of Webcams

Slim1320 (True 1.3 Mega Pixels High Performance Web Cam), Slim 2020AF (Mega Pixel Web Camera Auto Focus), Eye 312 (Simplify Instant Video and Chat), Eye 110 (Instant Video Messenger WebCam) and i-Look 1321 (1.3 Mega Advance pixel Camera), and others. Now almost all digital cameras and mobile phones can be used as a web camera (webcam).

Features and Setting Webcam

• Motion sensing - web camera will take pictures when the camera detects motion.
• Image archiving - the user can create an archive that stores all the images from a web camera or just certain images at pre-set intervals.
• Video messaging - some messaging program supports this feature.
• Advanced connections - connect your home theater to a web camera with a wired or wireless.
• Automotion - robotic camera that allows the image to pan or tilt and setting the frame-making program based on the position of the camera.
• Streaming media - professional applications, web camera setup can use MPEG4 compression for streaming audio and video are real.
• Custom coding - import the user's computer code to tell the web camera what to do (eg automatically refresh).
• AutoCam - allows users to create a web page to web server cameranya free on web camera maker.

Beep on the Computer

Beep sound on the computer is the way a computer to tell you that there's something wrong with your CPU. Signaling the computer beep beep was not only a long course, there were all kinds. At least if your computer is using AWARD BIOS beep then there are nine kinds that have a specific purpose. The following kinds of the award bios beep.

• The sound of 'beep' short a time, indicates that your computer has been successfully done and turn on all the components needed for computer boot-up process.
• The sound of 'beep' short two times, meaning there is a problem with the configuration or settings in the CMOS.
• The sound of 'beep' and the short length of 1 times 1 times, meaning there is a problem in hardware or memory your motherboard, try to double-check that both devices are still functioning / installed properly or not.
• 1 long beep 2 times and short times, meaning there is a problem with the monitor or VGA Card.
• The sound of 'beep' and the short length of 1 times 3 times, meaning there is a problem on the keyboard, check your keyboard, or try to tighten the cable connection from the keyboard normally attached to the serial port, PS2, or USB.
• The sound of 'beep' and the short length of 1 times 9 times, meaning there is a problem in the ROM BIOS.
• The sound of 'beep' long-persistent, meaning that there is a problem in the DRAM.
• The sound of 'beep' continuous short, there is a problem that is receiving voltage (power).
• On some brands will issue Motherboard sound 'beep' several times when the processor temperature is too high (hot).

BIOS

BIOS stands for Basic Input Output System, the computer system IBM PC or compatibles (computer based on Intel x86 processor family) refers to a collection of software routines that can do the following things:

• Initialize (ignition) and the testing of the hardware (in a process called the Power On Self Test, POST)
• Load and run the operating system
• Set some basic configuration of the computer (date, time, storage configuration, the configuration of the boot process, performance, and stability of your computer)
• Help operating systems and applications in the hardware settings using the BIOS Runtime Services.

BIOS provides a low-level communication interface, and can control many types of hardware devices (like keyboards). Because of its proximity to the hardware, the BIOS is generally made using assembly language (assembly) which is used by the machine in question.

The term first appeared in the operating system CP / M, which is part of CP / M loaded during the boot process starts dealing directly with the hardware (some machines running CP / M has a simple boot loader in ROM). Most versions of DOS have a file called "IBMBIO.COM" (IBM PC-DOS) or "IO.SYS" (MS-DOS) that does the same as CP / M disk BIOS.

Said the BIOS can also be interpreted as a "life" in Greek literature (Βίος).

In the BIOS, there are some basic components, namely as follows:
Examples of the CMOS Setup (Phoenix BIOS)

• BIOS Setup program that allows users to change the configuration of the computer (hard disk type, disk drives, power management, computer performance, etc.) as desired. BIOS hides the details of how to access hardware that is quite complicated, if done directly.
• Driver for the basic hardware devices, such as video adapters, input devices, processors, and some other devices for the base operating system 16-bit (in this case is the family of DOS).
• The main bootstraper Program that allows a computer to perform the process of booting into the operating system installed.

Components and How The Scanner

Scanner components

The components in question are the components on the scanner flatbed. Components are:

1. Alas glass. Glass mat is used as the container of the image to be read.
2. Light Source. A light source lamp with high intensity light will produce light that is directed into the picture.
3. Sinal reflectance sensor. The type commonly used for this type of flat bed scanner is a CCD sensor (charge-coupled devices). This tool works like an eye that will read the light reflected from the image To drive up to the CCD, the light reflectance of the image is directed by mirrors and lenses to use a scanner.
4. Stepper motor and jagged ribbons. Because the data is read perbaris line, then the stepper motor is required and ridged band to move the lamp and CCD.
5. Cover. Cover is used to avoid external light coming in, so the data is read by the CCD actually the reflection of the image data being read.

In addition to these components there are certainly many other components, but the function and form can vary from one type of scanner and other woods.

How it Works Scanner

1. Images to be scanned is placed on the scanner glass surface
2. Before the image is scanned, the computer will determine how far the stepper motor to bring the lights will go forward, the distance is determined by the length of the image and position the image on the scanner glass.
3. The lights begin to flicker and the stepper motor will start rotating to move the lamp until the final position of the image.
4. Light emitted light to the image will be reflected, then the resulting reflections will be read by a scanner mirror toward the lens.
5. The reflected light will eventually get to the CCD sensor
6. CCD sensors will measure the light intensity of the reflected wavelength dn and turn it into an analog voltage.
7. The analog voltage is converted into a digital value by ADC converters (Analog to Digital)
8. Digital signal from the CCD sensor is sent to the logical board and sent back to the computer in the form of digital data that show the colors at the points of the reflected image.

Scanner

In a computer system, scanner is an input device that serves as a producer of digital images (image digitizer). How a scanner to read the picture there are similarities with the copy machine, but unlike the copy of the form in which the readings are printed in sheets of the image is read, the scanner will display the results on screen to be stored as a digital file.

Scanner itself in the field of engineering is a term for a tool that is able to read the forms or physical properties of an object, such as two-dimensional objects, three-dimensional shape of objects, the temperature of an area of ​​land, the condition of the human brain, human body temperature, and so forth. For example in the field of medicine known tool CT Scan (Computed tomography scan) is a tool that can generate two or three-dimensional picture of the state of the patient's body.

For personal use, the use of the scanner is common as a store of images, whether photographs, important documents such as diplomas, or news from newspapers in the form of digital files. If it is necessary that the digital file can be printed at any time. So if you have a photo, securities, or simply from a magazine article that you think is important, and you do not want to lose data, it helps you save them as digital files.

In the field of multimedia art, such as the field of animation, the animators use the scanner to move the design of the basic forms of the images to be diolahnya. For example, a cartoon character in the film will be drawn by hand using a pencil, then the results will be scanned. Furthermore the animation software, the design will be coloring and effects to produce a work tertentuk animation.

Computer Monitor Screen

Monitor is also often referred to as computer display screens. The term is usually depicted on a monitor screen box that can display anything from a computer. In addition the term is also sometimes portrayed monitor to assess the ability of the graphics. The monitor can be divided into three classes, including:

• Monochrome: Monochrome monitors typically display two colors, background color and the other is the foreground color. The color is black and white, black and green and yellow and black.
• Gray-scale: Gray Scale monitor is a special type of monochrome monitor that can display a different shade of violet.
• Color: Color Monitor is a color monitor that has a 16 to 1 million different colors. Color monitor is sometimes called RGB monitors because the monitor can accept three different signals, Red (Red), Green (Green) and Blue (Blue).

Several factors affect the quality of a monitor are:

• Bandwidth: The distance the signal frequency that can be overcome by the monitor. This determines how much data can be in the process, and besides how fast it can process high resolution.
• Refresh rate: How many times per second the screen is "refreshed". To avoid flickering, the refresh rate must be at least 72 Hz.
• Interlaced or noninterlaced: Interlacing is a technique that can be done by the monitor to have a better resolution, but it can reduce the reaction rate on the monitor.
• Dot pitch: The amount of space between the pixels. The smaller the dot pitch, the more sharply the resulting color.
• Convergence: clarity and sharpness of each pixel will.